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Fire scene Evidence

A witness states that he saw the fire while it was still small and before it caused fatalities and destruction. What questions should the investigator ask about the fire itself? What will a fire scientist be able to deduce from the witnesses’ answers to the questions?

Cyber Forensics and the Law: Legal Considerations

Introduction

In perhaps the most important development in civil litigation in the past twenty years, the Federal address the unique challenges of electronic discovery (“Th e eDiscovery Rules”). Th e amendments modify the rules in a manner intended to further highlight the importance of and provide a more established framework regarding electronic discovery. To comply with these rules, large organiza- For a detailed review and examination of the changes to FRCP, and the impact these changes Electronically Stored Information and Cyber Forensics). Th is chapter will guide the reader through the various steps of basic cyber forensic investigations, with the objective of preparing the reader to participate with trained cyber forensic professionals, to forensically evaluate a suspect machine. Th e reader is cautioned against using this material as the sole source of education and training and not to attempt to seize or evaluate a suspect Readers are encouraged to read this chapter as presented, the organization of material presented here as a logical sequencing to the forensic process, and by following this logical approach, the reader will have a clear understanding of and a more complete picture of, the relationship between cyber forensics and the legal system or process.

AOAC Official Method 2000.04 Iodine-131 in Milk Radiochemical Separation Method First Action 2000

(Applicable to determination of iodine-131 in milk at 0.1-0.3 Bq/L.)
Caution:    This method requires the use of a chlorinated solvent, C(b), a suspected and possible human carcinogen.
See Table 2000.04 for the results of the interlaboratory study supporting acceptance of the method.

A. Principle

The test portion is treated with NaHSO₃ to convert all the iodine to a common (I^–) oxidation state. Iodide is isolated and concentrated on an ion-exchange column. The iodide is oxidized on-column to iodate by NaOCl solution and eluted by this solution. The NaOCl is decomposed and the iodate is reduced by hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution to elemental iodine which is extracted by CC1₄. The iodine is again reduced to iodide and re-extracted into aqueous solution by NaHSO₃ solution. The iodide is coprecipitated with palladium iodide (PdI₂) and the recovery of the carrier is determined gravimetrically. The iodine-131 in the carrier is counted by a beta-gamma coincidence or by a low-background beta counter.

AOAC Official Method 2000.03 Ochratoxin A in Barley Immunoaffinity by Column HPLC First Action 2000

(Applicable to the determination of ochratoxin A in barley at >1 ng/g)
See Table 2000.03A for results of the interlaboratory study supporting the acceptance of the method.

A. Principle

Test portion is extracted by blending with acetonitrile-water. The extract is cleaned up by passing through an immunoaffinity column. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is eluted with methanol, further purifed and identified by LC, and quantified by fluorescence.

AOAC Official Method 2000.01 Determination of 3-Chloro-1,2-Propanediol in Foods and Food Ingredients Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometric Detection First Action 2000

[The method is applicable to the determination of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol; 3-MCPD) in hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP), soups and stocks, stock cubes, soy sauce, malt extract, salami, fish, cheese, flour, starch, cereals, and bread.]
Caution:    This work should be performed under a fume hood. Wear laboratory coat, gloves, and eye/face protection. Use double-containment systems for handling concentrated solutions of 3-MCPD-d₅. Take care to avoid ignition of flammable reagents by sparks or static discharge.
See Table 2000.01 for the results of the interlaboratory study supporting acceptance of the method.

A. Principle

Internal standard 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol-d₅ (3-MCPD-d₅) is added to the test portion, followed by salt solution, and the mixture is blended to a homogeneous consistency. After sonication, the contents of an Extrelut^TM refill pack are added and mixed thoroughly. The mixture is transferred to a glass chromatographic tube, and the nonpolar components are eluted with a mixture of hexane and diethyl ether. The 3-MCPD is eluted with diethyl ether, and the extract is concentrated to a small volume. A portion of the concentrated extract is derivatized and analyzed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS). The concentration of 3-MCPD is expressed in mg/kg.

AOAC Official Method 2000.02 Patulin in Clear and Cloudy Apple Juices and Apple Puree Liquid Chromatographic Method First Action 2000

(Applicable to determination of patulin at >25 ng/g in clear apple juice, cloudy apple juice, and apple puree.)
See Table 2000.02 for results of the interlaboratory study supporting the acceptance of the method.

A. Principle

Apple juice or puree is extracted with ethyl acetate and then cleaned up by extraction with sodium carbonate solution. (Cloudy apple juice and apple purees are pretreated with pectinase enzyme.) The ethyl acetate extract is dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. After evaporation of the solvent, patulin is quantitatively determined by LC with UV detection.